Best 9x19 ammo tarkov. Up to date interactive Escape From Tarkov ammo chart 12.

Best 9x19 ammo tarkov. Third best is PST GZH. S Denotes Round is Subsonic T Denotes Round is a Tracer FM Denotes Round cannot be listed for sale on the flea market Pistols Glock 17 Glock 18C Glock 19X M9A3 MP-443 Grach P226R PL-15 Revolvers CR 200DS Submachine guns MP5 MP5K-N MP9 MP9-N MPX PP-19-01 Saiga-9 STM-9 Fairly new to Tarkov, enjoying it greatly so far and I've been running the MP5SD as it's great fun and has little to no recoil, was wondering what ammo is the best for it? Currently using AP 6. In addition you can double tap R to drop one for a fast reload since the mags and ammo are cheap as fuck. Usage: Select a Weapon/Magazine/Ammo Caliber to see compatible items Use the search box to find a specific weapon Press the reset button to reset all filters The SIG P226R 9x19 pistol (P226R) is a pistol in Escape from Tarkov. Sep 4, 2025 · Access up-to-date details on 9x19mm Ammo in Escape from Tarkov. Even PBP is not enough in most cases. 2 9x19 submachine gun (Vector 9x19) is a submachine gun in Escape from Tarkov. The UZI PRO Pistol (UPP9S) is a fully automatic conversion of the 9x19mm Parabellum submachine gun for law enforcement and military use. The Beretta M9A3 9x19 pistol (M9A3) is a pistol in Escape from Tarkov. 9X19 Ammo Chart Tarkov - I was going to try out using this kriss vector i had made and was wondering which ammo type for 9x19mm has the best penetration / damage ratio. Apr 6, 2020 · Escape from Tarkov ammo guide: the best ammo for each type The right rounds can make all the difference in a firefight, here’s what to load up with Your ultimate guide to ammo in EFT. I will get trouble in the big city later tonight and will post an update when I complete it if I get the rewards. 62x54. Find out which ammo is best for your loadout and how to maximize damage. Pro tip, using the 30 rounders with pst means you can stock up on extra mags on your backpack for dirt cheap. 7. 14. What’s the best all around 9x19 ammo?I just posted about rewards for lightkeeper being messed up a couple days ago. Aug 28, 2025 · IMPORTANT NOTE: Apart from learning about the best weapons, you can also Buy Escape From Tarkov Boost from Skycoach. Sure, you have a powerful sniper rifle, or an M4 with a high rate of fire that can empty mags with barely any 9x19 guns have the highest fire rate in the game, which means, they are one of the most ammo needy guns. The . Hi reddit, I'm fairly new to the game and was wondering, what ammo type would you recommend to use for an MP5? Of course I did some research before but the only stuff I could find were huge tables with all the different ammo types and their values. This is where the problems start. 45 ps so should I just buy guns that use those or is there a better ammo type/gun I should be buying Archived post. A 9x19mm luger cartridge with a special heavy bullet; Web escape from tarkov 9x19mm ammo chart v0. An ammo reference page is a guide that provides detailed See full list on gamerant. 300 Blackout . 3) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. 3 with 30 pen at lvl 23. Different types of ammo have different armour penetration and flesh damage properties. The 9x39mm (9x39) is a rifle cartridge used for assault carbines, assault rifles and designated marksman rifles in Escape from Tarkov. Despite the low muzzle velocity of the bullet, it has considerable stopping power effect, thanks to its exceptional expansion capability after hitting the target. 45 ACP . 3 right? No, the highest pen ammo you can buy from traders is available from the very start of the wipe, no progression needed. Chambered in 9x19mm Parabellum, it features a Picatinny rail mount on the underside of the frame. A 9x19mm Parabellum Green Tracer cartridge. And PBP craft able at level 30. 4 gram heat-strengthened steel core bullet with two-layer semi-jacket, a polyethylene interior and a bimetallic exterior, in a bimetallic case. This is a helper webapp to provide you with maps, ammunition information, hideout items, quest items and much more! EFT Ammo Compatibility Tool Escape From Tarkov interactive ammo compatibility chart. Feb 2, 2024 · Find out the best ammo in Escape from Tarkov, and learn how to determine which ammo to use in different situations. Let's figure out what it is intended for and what weapons work in this caliber. 9x19mm AP 6. 45 ACP). You might try RIP rounds for flesh damage/legs, but really, you're better off using a larger caliber. I would like your opinion about what is the best 9x19 ammo to use in a MP5. Curated by Seikosha_TV for gamers and enthusiasts. One raid on streets can easily net you 200-300 rounds of 5. 3 ammo can be purchased for larger amounts for pretty cheap, it has some early game progression as you level up going from m882 the base 9mm round with 18 pen, ->pst gzh with 20 pen at level 15-> ap6. 9x19mm FMJ M882 (M882) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. 6+ (updated on 2024/04/29) note this is just a comparison guideline on what you should use and not always exactly Escape from Tarkov. You probably won’t need to ever buy ammo for those calibers ever. The main features of the A3 generation are a more ergonomic and The 9x21mm Gyurza (9x21) is a pistol cartridge used for pistols and submachine guns in Escape from Tarkov. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. 9x19mm Green Tracer (GT) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. 1 needs to be found for the quest Gunsmith - Part 9 Pistols Yarygin MP-443 Grach 9x19 pistol P226 on Wikipedia Jul 9, 2025 · Escape from Tarkov Ammo and Armor interactive scatter plot visualization created by NoFoodAfterMidnight 🙌 Oct 13, 2022 · Ammo is perhaps the most important resource in Escape from Tarkov. Sep 4, 2025 · Access up-to-date details on 9x39mm Ammo in Escape from Tarkov. Over the years, players slowly become more aware of the "do's" and "don'ts" of weapon ammo simply through trial and error, however, players have now been provided with a manuscript gifted from the heavens, an ammo guide. Loaded with M882 124-grain full metal jacket bullets rated at 1140 fps, this cartridge is considered +P (but slightly less than +P+) ammo. Despite the heavy bullet on this cartridge, it still has an average muzzle velocity relative to other cartridges of the same caliber, endowing it with a considerable stopping power effect, along with causing severe This page contains a list of every type of ammo in Escape from Tarkov. 7x28mm FN 5. 62x51mm 7. 62x39 This comprehensive guide breaks down the Tarkov ammo chart, a clear ammo tier list, and the best ammo for each caliber to maximize your effectiveness in raids. To filter the complete list of available cartridges, click the name of a caliber. To combat different opponents, different types of ammunition are needed. It's the standard service weapon of Navy SEALs. Cool, whatever right? I mean a lot of the top tier ammo for other calibers can only be crafted, Fair enough at least I can still buy my trusty ap 6. Use these ammo types for the best literal bang for your buck. 3 cartridge with a two-part controlled fragmenting projectile, an armor-piercing bullet that features a brass sabot and a hardened steel penetrator of 6. It’s the only type of bullet for these weapons that has penetration power against all the classes of bulletproof vests and helmets. 62x54 SNB is a bit rarer but I find that more commonly on reserve. Click the name of a caliber to see the full list of available cartridges. It was designed for military and police forces, as well as for sport and a home defence use. We offer a wide range of products at the lowest market price and with the fastest delivery. Checkout all information for items, crafts, barters, maps, loot tiers, hideout profits, trader details, a free API, and more with tarkov. US Military 9mm ammunition is some of the most reliable ammunition available in the market, great for target shooting, plinking and practice. This page contains a list of every type of ammo in Escape from Tarkov. Why an Ammo Reference Page for Escape from Tarkov? Escape from Tarkov is a first-person shooter game known for its realistic weapons and ammunition system. 3mm. Learn the mechanics and best ammo types here. Ammo Details: If you plan on using the third best ammo - Pst Gzh - then you will need to make sure you hit headshots as that ammo will have an incredibly hard time penetrating armour above level 4/5. I am in doubt about which one to use. An Israeli 9x19mm submachine gun with an open bolt system. The full-sized mount provides the means of installing a wide range of May 13, 2021 · [Top 10] Escape From Tarkov Best Ammo Top 15 Games Like Escape from Tarkov (Games Better Than Escape from Tarkov In Their Own Way) Escape from Tarkov Gameplay (How it Works) – Top 10 Facts You Need To Know The 25 Best Escape from Tarkov Settings That Gets You More Kills! Top 10 Games Like Call of Duty (Games Better Than Call of Duty In Their 45 has quicker time to kill by a large amount depending on what ammo you run, but the 9mm are more forgiving if your aim isn't too good as they fire way slower and have a larger mag I'm having a go at tarkov again after many wipes and just wanted some feedback regarding what ammo and guns from lev 1 traders are recommended for this wipe? Any help to minimise me being destroyed every raid would be most appreciated😊 Archived post. The 9x18 guns aren't worth it though. S Denotes Round is Subsonic FM Denotes Round cannot be listed for sale on the flea market Assault carbines 9A-91 SR-3M VSK-94 Assault rifles AS VAL Designated Ammo Calibers . This bullet design is based on experiences with various armor-piercing pistol cartridges in the late Sep 5, 2024 · Both versions of the EFT Vector are really strong (9x19 and . As currently i just use any, but on a lot occasion I've hit enemies with heavy armor etc, and they just dont die, at end it says 2000 damaged absorbed by armor lol. 45x39mm 5. Use this tool to find out which ammo goes in which magazine, and which magazine goes in which gun. 9x19 is probably the most overpriced round in the game and shooting it out of a vector is pissing away rubles. The Beretta M9A3 is the newest addition to the M9 series of pistols. Mar 19, 2020 · Knowing which type of ammo you’re using, what you’re using it for, and what its best function is, can be a difficult learning curve that many Tarkov players will have to overcome. These increased pressure cartridges Escape from Tarkov developers Battlestate Games provide players with many options per caliber, having each ammo type damaging and affecting enemies in different ways, additionally, each ammo type can be more damaging than the other, and some are useless against different types of armor, forcing you to learn differences between good and bad ammo. Hello survivors! Today we will talk about the 9x19 caliber, one of the most common in the Tarkov world. 3. Check our Best Ammo Guide for more info. 5-7 Has the best ammo, sr1mp is the coolest, the glock 17 can be modded like crazy to look badass. 14 – Beginner & Quick Reference The below Tarkov ammo chart and guide table is intended for beginners to Escape From Tarkov but also serves a resource for experienced players that want a quick reference guide without additional bullet information. The Luger rounds from Skier 4 are the highest flesh damage, and are your best choice for going for the legs. P. The best ammo is 7N31 9x19. The wilderness of Tarkov includes a diverse range of ammunition. The chart is categorised into budget, mid-tier, and top-tier options based on your intended raid activity. One important resource for players is an ammo reference page. 3, with the later you have still decent pen against class 4 were with PBM it starts to have minor trouble with class 3 and basicly is already useless against class4. If you don't have the rewards you Access up-to-date details on 9x18mm Ammo in Escape from Tarkov. May 14, 2023 · Your fancy weapons and best loadouts are useless if you don't have the right ammo to go with them in Tarkov. Note1: In order to show the best ammo choices more clearly, we have decided to choose Penetration Power stat as our segregation criterium for all graphs. 62x39 BP, 5. Mar 29, 2025 · Learn about Escape from Tarkov ammo types, from 9x19mm to 7. 1 gram armor-piercing bullet with a hardened carbon steel core with a cylindrical aluminum cladding and bimetallic semi-jacket in a bimetallic case. 62×51 rounds have the best combined damage and penetration in Escape From Tarkov. 62x25 Tokarev 7. Thanks to the design of the AP bullet 9x19mm Pst gzh (Pst gzh) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. 6x30mm HK 5. The PP-19-01, also known as "Vityaz", is a Russian submachine gun chambered in 9x19 developed in 2004 by Izhmash based on the AK platform. In a departure from conventional hollow-point design, the "R. dev! A free, community made, and open source ecosystem of Escape from Tarkov tools and guides. As for 9x19, the problem still remains that the rounds don't have a high penetration chance. 9 gram hollow-point bullet made entirely of lead in a lightweight case of steel with a red anodized aluminum base; intended for home defense and target practice. The P226R is a full-sized, service-type pistol made by SIG Sauer. 62x39mm. The current recoil for pistols is amazing for spamming at the head, so any pistol with a decent mag size would be good for that. 45 BT/BS, 7. The top-end rounds basically ignore armor and will drop a player in two hits to the thorax. The 9x18mm Makarov (9x18PM) is a pistol cartridge used for pistols and submachine guns in Escape from Tarkov. It has barely any recoil and fires significantly faster making it the best SMG in the game currently. Due to its design, this cartridge provides an outstanding stopping power effect along with causing Oct 30, 2023 · What ammo should I be using tarkov? A longtime meta king, 7. A 9x19mm Parabellum QuakeMaker cartridge with an 11. Up to date interactive Escape From Tarkov ammo chart 12. The KRISS Vector SMG is the ideal choice for law enforcement and military seeking a controllable and compact weapon system for close quarter combat environments. Whats up fellas from Norvinski region. 45 Submachine guns KRISS Vector . BSG responded we are aware and working on it. 45 vector with . 9x19mm QuakeMaker (QuakeMaker) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. The TDI KRISS Vector Gen. You can make your first purchase even CHEAPER if you find a special PROMO CODE (highlighted in green) hidden in this article and get a 20% DISCOUNT. overall has to be the 5-7 just because of the ammo. A 9x19 mm Parabellum AP 6. 9x19mm PBP gzh (PBP gzh) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. What are your favorite 9x19 rounds and why? Leg meta works. Second best is AP 6. Varying opponents will require different types of ammunition to tackle. " round features 8 machined lead-free copper petals or "trocars", designed to Tarkov has many different guns and many different calibers of ammunition. The UMP is arguably one of the most iconic weapons in gaming history alongside the AK-47 and M4A1 rifles, it's safe to say the standard has been kept high within Escape from Tarkov. Understanding the different types of ammunition available in the game is crucial to survive and thrive in Tarkov. This is a helper webapp to provide you with maps, ammunition information, hideout items, quest items and much more! The PP-19-01 Vityaz 9x19 submachine gun (PP-19-01) is a submachine gun in Escape from Tarkov. 45 AP has a little more recoil and smaller mags but way better pen and better damage, for a lot less ammo cost. 56 M855a1/M995, etc. A standard-issue submachine gun in many law enforcement agencies and military units of the Russian Federation. Jan 18, 2022 · Escape from Tarkov ammo and armor charts by NoFoodAfterMidnight. Escape From Tarkov ammo chart There are quite a few different types of ballistics on offer in Escape From Tarkov and your first foray into a complete Escape From Tarkov ammo chart can be a little overwhelming. Intended for target designation and fire adjustment in battle (Trace color: Green). Best AMMO? 9x18 9x19 TT Think below 2 are the main calibres most of the players use. This guide Ever wondered if 9x19 is decent in #EscapeFromTarkov? if so here's everything you need to know about how these ammos stack up against armour, helmets & leg meta so you can know what ammo is right Sep 4, 2025 · Access up-to-date details on 9x21mm Ammo in Escape from Tarkov. The SIG Sauer MPX submachine gun boasts an unprecedented operation speed in the familiar form factor of the AR platform. All data updated to the latest patch. A 9x19mm Parabellum PBP gzh (GRAU Index - 7N31) cartridge with a 4. Hello, so I would like to hear your favorite 9x19 as well as your opinion on Luger CCI rounds. Apr 25, 2024 · Anyone on the hunt for the best ammo in Escape from Tarkov right now needs to check out our ammo tier list here, with all of the meta picks for patch 0. May 13, 2021 · 9. I ran the mpx almost entirely this wipe using Pst gzh and had great success with it. Short-stroke gas piston allows SIG MPX to use the full range of 9 mm ammunition without any adjustments to the gas valve. 45 AP ammo. Going for 9x19 with pen won't work at this point in the wipe. Why an Ammo Reference Page for Escape from Tarkov? Escape from Tarkov is a first-person shooter game known for its realistic weapons and ammunition system. Mar 5, 2021 · I don't understand how I'm mostly dying to the most expensive ammo shot out of super fast firing guns How does it feel to get one tapped with mags filled with 200 rounds of ammo that cost 2000+ roubles per round without you even shooting one bullet before you die? I wouldn't mind using my best ge You will find many ammunition types within the chaos of Tarkov. 366 TKM 4. Find out the effectiveness of each ammo against a specific armor class. 3 (AP 6. 9x19mm RIP (RIP) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. 62x54mm R 9x18mm Makarov 9x19mm Parabellum 9x21mm Gyurza 9x39mm 12. Sure, you have a powerful sniper rifle, or an M4 with a high rate of fire that can empty mags with barely any Jul 19, 2022 · Ammo in Escape From Tarkov is even more important than your gun and determines how much damage you will do. 3 but my friend says it's practically useless against armor that's above level 3, can anyone suggest better ammo for 9x19? Jan 17, 2022 · EFT Ammo Chart 0. This ultra-compact submachine gun is an evolution of the full-size UZI submachine gun, ideal for concealed carry and featuring a high rate of fire Don't listen to these dudes. When rolling with 9*19 ammo in a smg what is the best ammo/combo to take? The SIG MPX 9x19 submachine gun (MPX) is a submachine gun in Escape from Tarkov. I just logged in and all the barter/crafts I should have had before I now have. A 9x19mm Luger cartridge with a special heavy bullet; marked with a blue tip, manufactured by CCI. A 9x19mm Parabellum RIP (Radically Invasive Projectile), is a cartridge with a 6 gram frangible bullet designed to produce multiple wound channels to incapacitate assailants quickly. Despite being rather outdated, it is Last wipe BSG decided to remove 7n31 ammo from traders. Small pistol caliber ammo like AP 9x19 should be sold much more abundantly from traders, while high pen endgame rifle ammo should be more restricted or craft/barter only. If so, hit the subscribe button to get the latest videos. 6. You should look into "graph and stuff" zhen because you give bad advice, the difference between the ammo with the best pen in 9x18, PBM is day and night compared to 9x19 AP 6. Dec 24, 2018 · Can you please suggest best ammunition you guys use for each calibre? Am thinking to start using best ammo only. An ammo reference page is a guide that provides detailed 9x19mm Luger CCI (Luger CCI) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. 9x19 RIP (or any RIP ammo) has low penetration but high flesh damage. 5. 45 pistols and submachine guns will have a fantastic match with the . The low bore axis and Super V recoil mitigation system allow for controllable shots when firing in full-automatic, or fast semi Jan 17, 2024 · Here are some of the best early game ammo types you can use in Escape From Tarkov. 7x55mm STs-130 12x70mm 20x70mm 23x75mm 40x46mm Show The unofficial subreddit for the video game Escape From Tarkov developed by BattleState Games Escape from Tarkov. A 9x19mm Parabellum PSO gzh cartridge with a 7. While the weapons you carry are pretty relevant for your playstyle and the opportunities The IWI UZI 9x19 submachine gun (UZI) is a submachine gun in Escape from Tarkov. The IWI UZI PRO Pistol 9x19 submachine gun (UZI PRO Pistol) is a submachine gun in Escape from Tarkov. SIG MPX 9x19 Submachine gun The Sig MCX: Best Build and Ammo Guide Silent but deadly I’ve gone for another budget build here because if you’re new to the game and struggling with gear fear, this is a great, effective gun that you can run with the confidence that you can earn the total of this loadout back with one or two decent raids. 45 BT/BS/BP on the low end. BUT not the 9x19, no, 9x19 has PST as the highest pen round available, from lvl1, it has 20 pen, DOES NOT PENETRATE LVL3. This modified PS cartridge (Púlya Stal'náya - "Steel Bullet") was developed by TsNIITochMash in the Sep 25, 2022 · Before going to our selection, please notice that any gun in Escape from Tarkov won’t get you far unless you load it with good bullets. On top of that, most calibers have a number of different options for you to choose from. 56x45mm NATO 7. The current balancing of the game has basically the top 2 best pen ammo types as craft/FIR only for each type of ammo, being able to buy 150-300 of the 'mid-tier, best-bang-for-buck' ammo, and 4-8 types of miscellaneous shitty pen (but sometimes good flesh damage for leg meta) type of ammo with no buy limit. A 9x19mm Parabellum Pst gzh (RG057, GRAU Index - 7N21) cartridge with a 5. com/TVHIGHROLL Jul 31, 2020 · EfT Ammo by Caliber The following graphs show the Penetration Power and Damage Value of all cartridges of each caliber. . 45 and 7. I. I've already lost my starter weapons ak74s and vityazs and what not but I still have boatloads of that starter 9x19 and quite a bit of 5. 45 ACP (11. Nov 5, 2023 · Escape from Tarkov has loads of ammo options to choose from, this guide will help beginners to choose from the available options. 9x19 is a the most viable it's been in many wipes imo. S Denotes Round is Subsonic T Denotes Round is a Tracer FM Denotes Round cannot be listed for sale on the flea market Pistols SR-1MP Gyurza Submachine guns SR-2M You can find a lot of good ammo in Streets and Reserve especially for 5. com/wiki/9x19mm_Parabellum Twitter https://twitter. Learn which ammo works best for different scenarios in Escape from Tarkov. 62x39mm 7. This page lists all ammunition types in Escape from Tarkov. 9x19 caliber Apr 28, 2022 · Here's everything you need to know about the best ballistics on offer and a full Escape From Tarkov ammo chart. Escape from Tarkov is home to many victims and few assailants, with the majority of players contributing to their own demise through the choice of poor ammunition. Sure an MP5 takes 9x19mm Parabellum, but do you use RIP? Pst gzh? PSO gzh? This in depth Escape From Tarkov ammo chart guide will explain everything from ammunition for each weapon type to how to understand ammo charts. 43x23ACP) is a pistol cartridge used for pistols and submachine guns in Escape from Tarkov. The Tarkov best ammo Dec 24, 2023 · What ammo is best for pistols in tarkov? Your . Pst gzh is honestly a good ammo. But, fear not! Access up-to-date details on 9x19mm Ammo in Escape from Tarkov. A very innovative product of its time which gained great popularity due to its reliability and simplicity of design. Despite featuring a steel core, the bullet in this cartridge still has difficulties piercing basic ballistic body protection, however, it can provide a significant stopping power effect on the Jan 24, 2022 · Escape From Tarkov is all about gun customization, TTKs, and resource management. The best 9x19 SMG would currently be the Vector. S Denotes Round is Subsonic T Denotes Round is a Tracer FM Denotes Round cannot be listed for sale on the flea market Pistols M1911A1 M45A1 USP . That is why we made this Escape From Tarkov 9x19mm PSO gzh (PSO) is a 9x19mm ammunition type in Escape from Tarkov. com The 9x19mm Parabellum (9x19PARA) is a pistol cartridge used for pistols, revolvers and submachine guns in Escape from Tarkov. So people will often aim at the legs where there is no armour, and go for a damage kill as opposed to headshots. The best implementation choice Battlestate Games has made in the entirety of Escape from Tarkov, why this wasn't implemented back in 2016 I have no clue. 338 Lapua Magnum . 45 ACP UMP-45 It's way too easy to get 5. 1 needs to be found for the quest Gunsmith - Old Mar 20, 2020 · In Escape From Tarkov you want to deal as much damage as efficiently as possible. all other calibers, have ammo that can pen lvl3-4 armor AVAILABLE ON FLEA AND OR TRADERS. S Denotes Round is Subsonic T Denotes Round is a Tracer O Denotes Round has Overpressure and can't be fired from the PP-91 Kedr and PP-91-01 Kedr-B submachine guns Pistols PB PM PM (t LVNDMARK with VECTOR 9x19 (PBP Ammo) - Escape From Tarkov Highlights - Best of LVNDMARK Thanks for watching! Hope you liked the video. The ap6. In this Tarkov Vector Build Guide we'll be showcasing the meta eft Vector builds. I'm sure the information in those tables were good and correct but at the end of the day I'm still not sure what ammo type I should go with :D I'm #escapefromtarkov #tarkov #gaming 9x19 ammo information listhttps://escapefromtarkov. 12 comparing damage versus body armor penetration. **sorry in advance about my english. Mar 20, 2020 · In Escape From Tarkov you want to deal as much damage as efficiently as possible. To learn more about the effectiveness of ammunition check the Ballistics page. This gun has a really good fire A few tables to showcase the theoretic stats of 9x19 ammo and weapons for the current patch. fandom. 5 gram bullet in a bimetallic case; intended for sport shooting and hunting. 45x39 7. eo3yd nfr9qsz0 8hk shpx xxlgbh3j wya eby qm9 hr a0